The Philistine Army
The iron-armed coastal invaders who assembled at Pas-dammim to plunder Israel's barley harvest — and were routed when Eleazar son of Dodo stood alone in the field until his hand froze to his sword.
Perennial military adversaries of Israel occupying the coastal pentapolis of Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron, and Gath, the Philistines repeatedly raided Israel's grain fields during harvest season to starve the covenant people into submission (1 Samuel 17:1; 2 Samuel 23:9–12). At Pas-dammim, though the rest of the men of Israel fled before their charge, Eleazar son of Dodo and King David stood in the barley plot and struck them down until the LORD worked a great victory and the troops returned only to strip the slain (2 Samuel 23:9–10).
The Sword and the Stand — Eleazar's Frozen Grip
Eleazar's solitary stand in the barley field until his hand froze to his sword.

